Korisnik:MisaZvornik/prevod2

Ovaj spisak matematičkih redova sadrži formule za konačne i beskonačne sume. Može se koristiti u kombinaciji sa drugim sredstvima za procenu suma.

• Uzima se da je $0^{0}$ jednako $1$
• $\{x\}$ označava razlomački deo $x$
• $B_{n}(x)$ su Bernulijevi polinomi.
• $B_{n}$ je Bernulijev broj, i važi $B_{1}=-{\frac {1}{2}}.$
• $E_{n}$ je Ojlerov broj.
• $\zeta (s)$ je Rimanova zeta-funkcija.
• $\Gamma (z)$ je gama funkcija.
• $\psi _{n}(z)$ je poligama funkcija.
• $\operatorname {Li} _{s}(z)$ je polilogaritam.
• $n \choose k$ je binomni koeficijent.
• $\exp(x)$ označava eksponencijalnu funkciju od $x$

Sume stepena

Pogledajmo Faulhaberovu formulu.

• $\sum _{k=0}^{m}k^{n-1}={\frac {B_{n}(m+1)-B_{n}}{n}}$

Nekoliko prvih vrednosti:

• $\sum _{k=1}^{m}k={\frac {m(m+1)}{2}}$
• $\sum _{k=1}^{m}k^{2}={\frac {m(m+1)(2m+1)}{6}}={\frac {m^{3}}{3}}+{\frac {m^{2}}{2}}+{\frac {m}{6}}$
• $\sum _{k=1}^{m}k^{3}=\left[{\frac {m(m+1)}{2}}\right]^{2}={\frac {m^{4}}{4}}+{\frac {m^{3}}{2}}+{\frac {m^{2}}{4}}$

Pogledajmo zeta konstante.

• $\zeta (2n)=\sum _{k=1}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{k^{2n}}}=(-1)^{n+1}{\frac {B_{2n}(2\pi )^{2n}}{2(2n)!}}$

Nekoliko prvih vrednosti:

• $\zeta (2)=\sum _{k=1}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{k^{2}}}={\frac {\pi ^{2}}{6}}$ (Bazelski problem)
• $\zeta (4)=\sum _{k=1}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{k^{4}}}={\frac {\pi ^{4}}{90}}$
• $\zeta (6)=\sum _{k=1}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{k^{6}}}={\frac {\pi ^{6}}{945}}$

Redovi stepena

Polilogaritmi nižeg reda

Konačne sume:

• $\sum _{k=m}^{n}z^{k}={\frac {z^{m}-z^{n+1}}{1-z}}$, (geometrijski red)
• $\sum _{k=0}^{n}z^{k}={\frac {1-z^{n+1}}{1-z}}$
• $\sum _{k=1}^{n}z^{k}={\frac {1-z^{n+1}}{1-z}}-1={\frac {z-z^{n+1}}{1-z}}$
• $\sum _{k=1}^{n}kz^{k}=z{\frac {1-(n+1)z^{n}+nz^{n+1}}{(1-z)^{2}}}$
• $\sum _{k=1}^{n}k^{2}z^{k}=z{\frac {1+z-(n+1)^{2}z^{n}+(2n^{2}+2n-1)z^{n+1}-n^{2}z^{n+2}}{(1-z)^{3}}}$
• $\sum _{k=1}^{n}k^{m}z^{k}=\left(z{\frac {d}{dz}}\right)^{m}{\frac {1-z^{n+1}}{1-z}}$

Beskonačne sume, važe za $|z|<1$:

• $\operatorname {Li} _{n}(z)=\sum _{k=1}^{\infty }{\frac {z^{k}}{k^{n}}}$

Naredne formule su korisne za rekurzivno izračunavanje polilogaritama nižeg celobrojnog reda u zatvorenoj formi:

• ${\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} z}}\operatorname {Li} _{n}(z)={\frac {\operatorname {Li} _{n-1}(z)}{z}}$
• $\operatorname {Li} _{1}(z)=\sum _{k=1}^{\infty }{\frac {z^{k}}{k}}=-\ln(1-z)$
• $\operatorname {Li} _{0}(z)=\sum _{k=1}^{\infty }z^{k}={\frac {z}{1-z}}$
• $\operatorname {Li} _{-1}(z)=\sum _{k=1}^{\infty }kz^{k}={\frac {z}{(1-z)^{2}}}$
• $\operatorname {Li} _{-2}(z)=\sum _{k=1}^{\infty }k^{2}z^{k}={\frac {z(1+z)}{(1-z)^{3}}}$
• $\operatorname {Li} _{-3}(z)=\sum _{k=1}^{\infty }k^{3}z^{k}={\frac {z(1+4z+z^{2})}{(1-z)^{4}}}$
• $\operatorname {Li} _{-4}(z)=\sum _{k=1}^{\infty }k^{4}z^{k}={\frac {z(1+z)(1+10z+z^{2})}{(1-z)^{5}}}$

Eksponencijalna funkcija

• $\sum _{k=0}^{\infty }{\frac {z^{k}}{k!}}=e^{z}$
• $\sum _{k=0}^{\infty }k{\frac {z^{k}}{k!}}=ze^{z}$ (srednja vrednost Poasonove raspodele)
• $\sum _{k=0}^{\infty }k^{2}{\frac {z^{k}}{k!}}=(z+z^{2})e^{z}$ (drugi momenat Poasonove raspodele)
• $\sum _{k=0}^{\infty }k^{3}{\frac {z^{k}}{k!}}=(z+3z^{2}+z^{3})e^{z}$
• $\sum _{k=0}^{\infty }k^{4}{\frac {z^{k}}{k!}}=(z+7z^{2}+6z^{3}+z^{4})e^{z}$
• $\sum _{k=0}^{\infty }k^{n}{\frac {z^{k}}{k!}}=z{\frac {d}{dz}}\sum _{k=0}^{\infty }k^{n-1}{\frac {z^{k}}{k!}}\,\!=e^{z}T_{n}(z)$

Odnos trigonometrijskih, inverznih trigonometrijskih, hiperboličkih i inverznih hiperboličkih funkcija

• $\sum _{k=0}^{\infty }{\frac {(-1)^{k}z^{2k+1}}{(2k+1)!}}=\sin z$
• $\sum _{k=0}^{\infty }{\frac {z^{2k+1}}{(2k+1)!}}=\sinh z$
• $\sum _{k=0}^{\infty }{\frac {(-1)^{k}z^{2k}}{(2k)!}}=\cos z$
• $\sum _{k=0}^{\infty }{\frac {z^{2k}}{(2k)!}}=\cosh z$
• $\sum _{k=1}^{\infty }{\frac {(-1)^{k-1}(2^{2k}-1)2^{2k}B_{2k}z^{2k-1}}{(2k)!}}=\tan z,|z|<{\frac {\pi }{2}}$
• $\sum _{k=1}^{\infty }{\frac {(2^{2k}-1)2^{2k}B_{2k}z^{2k-1}}{(2k)!}}=\tanh z,|z|<{\frac {\pi }{2}}$
• $\sum _{k=0}^{\infty }{\frac {(-1)^{k}2^{2k}B_{2k}z^{2k-1}}{(2k)!}}=\cot z,|z|<\pi$
• $\sum _{k=0}^{\infty }{\frac {2^{2k}B_{2k}z^{2k-1}}{(2k)!}}=\coth z,|z|<\pi$
• $\sum _{k=0}^{\infty }{\frac {(-1)^{k-1}(2^{2k}-2)B_{2k}z^{2k-1}}{(2k)!}}=\csc z,|z|<\pi$
• $\sum _{k=0}^{\infty }{\frac {-(2^{2k}-2)B_{2k}z^{2k-1}}{(2k)!}}=\operatorname {csch} z,|z|<\pi$
• $\sum _{k=0}^{\infty }{\frac {(-1)^{k}E_{2k}z^{2k}}{(2k)!}}=\operatorname {sech} z,|z|<{\frac {\pi }{2}}$
• $\sum _{k=0}^{\infty }{\frac {E_{2k}z^{2k}}{(2k)!}}=\sec z,|z|<{\frac {\pi }{2}}$
• $\sum _{k=1}^{\infty }{\frac {(-1)^{k-1}z^{2k}}{(2k)!}}=\operatorname {ver} z$
• $\sum _{k=1}^{\infty }{\frac {(-1)^{k-1}z^{2k}}{2(2k)!}}=\operatorname {hav} z$
• $\sum _{k=0}^{\infty }{\frac {(2k)!z^{2k+1}}{2^{2k}(k!)^{2}(2k+1)}}=\arcsin z,|z|\leq 1$
• $\sum _{k=0}^{\infty }{\frac {(-1)^{k}(2k)!z^{2k+1}}{2^{2k}(k!)^{2}(2k+1)}}=\operatorname {arcsinh} {z},|z|\leq 1$
• $\sum _{k=0}^{\infty }{\frac {(-1)^{k}z^{2k+1}}{2k+1}}=\arctan z,|z|<1$
• $\sum _{k=0}^{\infty }{\frac {z^{2k+1}}{2k+1}}=\operatorname {arctanh} z,|z|<1$
• $\ln 2+\sum _{k=1}^{\infty }{\frac {(-1)^{k-1}(2k)!z^{2k}}{2^{2k+1}k(k!)^{2}}}=\ln \left(1+{\sqrt {1+z^{2}}}\right),|z|\leq 1$
• $\sum _{k=2}^{\infty }\left(k\cdot \operatorname {arctanh} \left({\frac {1}{k}}\right)-1\right)={\frac {3-\ln(4\pi )}{2}}$

Modifikovani faktorski imenioci

• $\sum _{k=0}^{\infty }{\frac {(4k)!}{2^{4k}{\sqrt {2}}(2k)!(2k+1)!}}z^{k}={\sqrt {\frac {1-{\sqrt {1-z}}}{z}}},|z|<1$
• $\sum _{k=0}^{\infty }{\frac {2^{2k}(k!)^{2}}{(k+1)(2k+1)!}}z^{2k+2}=\left(\arcsin {z}\right)^{2},|z|\leq 1$
• $\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {\prod _{k=0}^{n-1}(4k^{2}+\alpha ^{2})}{(2n)!}}z^{2n}+\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {\alpha \prod _{k=0}^{n-1}[(2k+1)^{2}+\alpha ^{2}]}{(2n+1)!}}z^{2n+1}=e^{\alpha \arcsin {z}},|z|\leq 1$

Binomni koeficijenti

• $(1+z)^{\alpha }=\sum _{k=0}^{\infty }{\alpha \choose k}z^{k},|z|<1$
• $\sum _{k=0}^{\infty }{{\alpha +k-1} \choose k}z^{k}={\frac {1}{(1-z)^{\alpha }}},|z|<1$
• $\sum _{k=0}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{k+1}}{2k \choose k}z^{k}={\frac {1-{\sqrt {1-4z}}}{2z}},|z|\leq {\frac {1}{4}}$, funkcija generisanja Katalanovih brojeva
• $\sum _{k=0}^{\infty }{2k \choose k}z^{k}={\frac {1}{\sqrt {1-4z}}},|z|<{\frac {1}{4}}$, funkcija generisanja centralnog binomnog koeficijenta
• $\sum _{k=0}^{\infty }{2k+\alpha \choose k}z^{k}={\frac {1}{\sqrt {1-4z}}}\left({\frac {1-{\sqrt {1-4z}}}{2z}}\right)^{\alpha },|z|<{\frac {1}{4}}$

Harmonic numbers

• $\sum _{k=1}^{\infty }H_{k}z^{k}={\frac {-\ln(1-z)}{1-z}},|z|<1$
• $\sum _{k=1}^{\infty }{\frac {H_{k}}{k+1}}z^{k+1}={\frac {1}{2}}\left[\ln(1-z)\right]^{2},\qquad |z|<1$
• $\sum _{k=1}^{\infty }{\frac {(-1)^{k-1}H_{2k}}{2k+1}}z^{2k+1}={\frac {1}{2}}\arctan {z}\log {(1+z^{2})},\qquad |z|<1$
• $\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }\sum _{k=0}^{2n}{\frac {(-1)^{k}}{2k+1}}{\frac {z^{4n+2}}{4n+2}}={\frac {1}{4}}\arctan {z}\log {\frac {1+z}{1-z}},\qquad |z|<1$
• $\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {x^{2}}{n^{2}(n+x)}}=x{\frac {\pi ^{2}}{6}}-H(x)$

Trigonometrijske funkcije

Sume sinusa i kosinusa rastu po Furijeovom redu.

• $\sum _{k=1}^{\infty }{\frac {\cos(k\theta )}{k}}=-{\frac {1}{2}}\ln(2-2\cos \theta )=-\ln \left(2\sin {\frac {\theta }{2}}\right),0<\theta <2\pi$
• $\sum _{k=1}^{\infty }{\frac {\sin(k\theta )}{k}}={\frac {\pi -\theta }{2}},0<\theta <2\pi$
• $\sum _{k=1}^{\infty }{\frac {(-1)^{k-1}}{k}}\cos(k\theta )={\frac {1}{2}}\ln(2+2\cos \theta )=\ln \left(2\cos {\frac {\theta }{2}}\right),0\leq \theta <\pi$
• $\sum _{k=1}^{\infty }{\frac {(-1)^{k-1}}{k}}\sin(k\theta )={\frac {\theta }{2}},-{\frac {\pi }{2}}\leq \theta \leq {\frac {\pi }{2}}$
• $\sum _{k=1}^{\infty }{\frac {\cos(2k\theta )}{2k}}=-{\frac {1}{2}}\ln(2\sin \theta ),0<\theta <\pi$
• $\sum _{k=1}^{\infty }{\frac {\sin(2k\theta )}{2k}}={\frac {\pi -2\theta }{4}},0<\theta <\pi$
• $\sum _{k=0}^{\infty }{\frac {\cos[(2k+1)\theta ]}{2k+1}}={\frac {1}{2}}\ln \left(\cot {\frac {\theta }{2}}\right),0<\theta <\pi$
• $\sum _{k=0}^{\infty }{\frac {\sin[(2k+1)\theta ]}{2k+1}}={\frac {\pi }{4}},0<\theta <\pi$,
• $\sum _{k=1}^{\infty }{\frac {\sin(2\pi kx)}{k}}=\pi \left({\dfrac {1}{2}}-\{x\}\right),\ x\in \mathbb {R}$
• $\sum \limits _{k=1}^{\infty }{\frac {\sin \left(2\pi kx\right)}{k^{2n-1}}}=(-1)^{n}{\frac {(2\pi )^{2n-1}}{2(2n-1)!}}B_{2n-1}(\{x\}),\ x\in \mathbb {R} ,\ n\in \mathbb {N}$
• $\sum \limits _{k=1}^{\infty }{\frac {\cos \left(2\pi kx\right)}{k^{2n}}}=(-1)^{n-1}{\frac {(2\pi )^{2n}}{2(2n)!}}B_{2n}(\{x\}),\ x\in \mathbb {R} ,\ n\in \mathbb {N}$
• $B_{n}(x)=-{\frac {n!}{2^{n-1}\pi ^{n}}}\sum _{k=1}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{k^{n}}}\cos \left(2\pi kx-{\frac {\pi n}{2}}\right),0<x<1$
• $\sum _{k=0}^{n}\sin(\theta +k\alpha )={\frac {\sin {\frac {(n+1)\alpha }{2}}\sin(\theta +{\frac {n\alpha }{2}})}{\sin {\frac {\alpha }{2}}}}$
• $\sum _{k=0}^{n}\cos(\theta +k\alpha )={\frac {\sin {\frac {(n+1)\alpha }{2}}\cos(\theta +{\frac {n\alpha }{2}})}{\sin {\frac {\alpha }{2}}}}$
• $\sum _{k=1}^{n-1}\sin {\frac {\pi k}{n}}=\cot {\frac {\pi }{2n}}$
• $\sum _{k=1}^{n-1}\sin {\frac {2\pi k}{n}}=0$
• $\sum _{k=0}^{n-1}\csc ^{2}\left(\theta +{\frac {\pi k}{n}}\right)=n^{2}\csc ^{2}(n\theta )$
• $\sum _{k=1}^{n-1}\csc ^{2}{\frac {\pi k}{n}}={\frac {n^{2}-1}{3}}$
• $\sum _{k=1}^{n-1}\csc ^{4}{\frac {\pi k}{n}}={\frac {n^{4}+10n^{2}-11}{45}}$

Racionalne funkcije

• $\sum _{n=a+1}^{\infty }{\frac {a}{n^{2}-a^{2}}}={\frac {1}{2}}H_{2a}$
• $\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{n^{2}+a^{2}}}={\frac {1+a\pi \coth(a\pi )}{2a^{2}}}$
• $\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {(-1)^{n}}{n^{2}+a^{2}}}={\frac {1+a\pi \;{\text{csch}}(a\pi )}{2a^{2}}}$
• $\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {(2n+1)(-1)^{n}}{(2n+1)^{2}+a^{2}}}={\frac {\pi }{4}}{\text{sech}}\left({\frac {a\pi }{2}}\right)$
• $\displaystyle \sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{n^{4}+4a^{4}}}={\dfrac {1}{8a^{4}}}+{\dfrac {\pi (\sinh(2\pi a)+\sin(2\pi a))}{8a^{3}(\cosh(2\pi a)-\cos(2\pi a))}}$
• Beskonačni red bilo koje racionalne funkcije u zavisnosti od $n$ može se svesti na konačan niz poligama funkcija korišćenjem delimične dekompozicije. Ova činjenica se takođe može primeniti na konačne redove racionalnih funkcija, omogućavajući da se rezultat izračuna u konstantnom vremenu čak i kada red sadrži veliki broj članova.

Eksponencijalna funkcija

• $\displaystyle {\dfrac {1}{\sqrt {p}}}\sum _{n=0}^{p-1}\exp \left({\frac {2\pi in^{2}q}{p}}\right)={\dfrac {e^{\pi i/4}}{\sqrt {2q}}}\sum _{n=0}^{2q-1}\exp \left(-{\frac {\pi in^{2}p}{2q}}\right)$
• $\displaystyle \sum _{n=-\infty }^{\infty }e^{-\pi n^{2}}={\frac {\sqrt[{4}]{\pi }}{\Gamma \left({\frac {3}{4}}\right)}}$

Numerički redovi

Ovi numerički redovi se mogu dobiti dodavanjem brojeva iz gore navedenih redova.

Naizmenični harmonijski redovi

• $\sum _{k=1}^{\infty }{\frac {(-1)^{k+1}}{k}}={\frac {1}{1}}-{\frac {1}{2}}+{\frac {1}{3}}-{\frac {1}{4}}+\cdots =\ln 2$
• $\sum _{k=1}^{\infty }{\frac {(-1)^{k+1}}{2k-1}}={\frac {1}{1}}-{\frac {1}{3}}+{\frac {1}{5}}-{\frac {1}{7}}+{\frac {1}{9}}-\cdots ={\frac {\pi }{4}}$

Sume recipročnih vrednosti faktorijala

• $\sum _{k=0}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{k!}}={\frac {1}{0!}}+{\frac {1}{1!}}+{\frac {1}{2!}}+{\frac {1}{3!}}+{\frac {1}{4!}}+\cdots =e$
• $\sum _{k=0}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{(2k)!}}={\frac {1}{0!}}+{\frac {1}{2!}}+{\frac {1}{4!}}+{\frac {1}{6!}}+{\frac {1}{8!}}+\cdots ={\frac {1}{2}}\left(e+{\frac {1}{e}}\right)=\cosh 1$
• $\sum _{k=0}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{(3k)!}}={\frac {1}{0!}}+{\frac {1}{3!}}+{\frac {1}{6!}}+{\frac {1}{9!}}+{\frac {1}{12!}}+\cdots ={\frac {1}{3}}\left(e+{\frac {2}{\sqrt {e}}}\cos {\frac {\sqrt {3}}{2}}\right)$
• $\sum _{k=0}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{(4k)!}}={\frac {1}{0!}}+{\frac {1}{4!}}+{\frac {1}{8!}}+{\frac {1}{12!}}+{\frac {1}{16!}}+\cdots ={\frac {1}{2}}\left(\cos 1+\cosh 1\right)$

Trigonometrija i π

• $\sum _{k=0}^{\infty }{\frac {(-1)^{k}}{(2k+1)!}}={\frac {1}{1!}}-{\frac {1}{3!}}+{\frac {1}{5!}}-{\frac {1}{7!}}+{\frac {1}{9!}}+\cdots =\sin 1$
• $\sum _{k=0}^{\infty }{\frac {(-1)^{k}}{(2k)!}}={\frac {1}{0!}}-{\frac {1}{2!}}+{\frac {1}{4!}}-{\frac {1}{6!}}+{\frac {1}{8!}}+\cdots =\cos 1$
• $\sum _{k=1}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{k^{2}+1}}={\frac {1}{2}}+{\frac {1}{5}}+{\frac {1}{10}}+{\frac {1}{17}}+\cdots ={\frac {1}{2}}(\pi \coth \pi -1)$
• $\sum _{k=1}^{\infty }{\frac {(-1)^{k}}{k^{2}+1}}=-{\frac {1}{2}}+{\frac {1}{5}}-{\frac {1}{10}}+{\frac {1}{17}}+\cdots ={\frac {1}{2}}(\pi \operatorname {csch} \pi -1)$
• $3+{\frac {4}{2\times 3\times 4}}-{\frac {4}{4\times 5\times 6}}+{\frac {4}{6\times 7\times 8}}-{\frac {4}{8\times 9\times 10}}+\cdots =\pi$

Recipročne vrednosti tetraedarskih brojeva

• $\sum _{k=1}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{Te_{k}}}={\frac {1}{1}}+{\frac {1}{4}}+{\frac {1}{10}}+{\frac {1}{20}}+{\frac {1}{35}}+\cdots ={\frac {3}{2}}$

Kada važi $Te_{n}=\sum _{k=1}^{n}T_{k}$

Eksponencijalne funkcije i logaritmi

• $\sum _{k=0}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{(2k+1)(2k+2)}}={\frac {1}{1\times 2}}+{\frac {1}{3\times 4}}+{\frac {1}{5\times 6}}+{\frac {1}{7\times 8}}+{\frac {1}{9\times 10}}+\cdots =\ln 2$
• $\sum _{k=1}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{2^{k}k}}={\frac {1}{2}}+{\frac {1}{8}}+{\frac {1}{24}}+{\frac {1}{64}}+{\frac {1}{160}}+\cdots =\ln 2$
• $\sum _{k=1}^{\infty }{\frac {(-1)^{k+1}}{2^{k}k}}+\sum _{k=1}^{\infty }{\frac {(-1)^{k+1}}{3^{k}k}}={\Bigg (}{\frac {1}{2}}+{\frac {1}{3}}{\Bigg )}-{\Bigg (}{\frac {1}{8}}+{\frac {1}{18}}{\Bigg )}+{\Bigg (}{\frac {1}{24}}+{\frac {1}{81}}{\Bigg )}-{\Bigg (}{\frac {1}{64}}+{\frac {1}{324}}{\Bigg )}+\cdots =\ln 2$
• $\sum _{k=1}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{3^{k}k}}+\sum _{k=1}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{4^{k}k}}={\Bigg (}{\frac {1}{3}}+{\frac {1}{4}}{\Bigg )}+{\Bigg (}{\frac {1}{18}}+{\frac {1}{32}}{\Bigg )}+{\Bigg (}{\frac {1}{81}}+{\frac {1}{192}}{\Bigg )}+{\Bigg (}{\frac {1}{324}}+{\frac {1}{1024}}{\Bigg )}+\cdots =\ln 2$
• $\sum _{k=1}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{n^{k}k}}=\ln \left({\frac {n}{n-1}}\right)$, to jest $\forall n>1$

Reference

• Mnoge knjige sa tabličnim integralima takođe imaju i spisak redova.